Two types of HPV vaccine are currently available from your doctor. Both
vaccines protect against the two HPV strains (16 and 18) associated with
cervical cancer, but only Gardasil protects against the two HPV strains (6 and
11) that cause most genital warts.
In Australia, girls in year 7 of secondary school, or those aged 12 to 13
years, are offered free vaccination against HPV. From 2013, the vaccine program
was extended to include boys, so both boys and girls in year 7 are offered
Gardasil® vaccine through an ongoing school-based program. In 2013 and 2014,
boys in year 9 of secondary school, or those aged 14 to 15 years will be offered
the Gardasil® vaccine as part of a time-limited catch-up program.
The vaccine provides best protection if it is completed before a person
becomes sexually active. The three-dose course of Gardasil vaccine should be
completed. Dose two is given two months after dose one and dose three is given
four months after dose two.
2015年12月2日星期三
Where Genital Warts Occur
Genital warts are caused by a virus HPV (human papillomavirus). HPV is caught
during sexual contact with someone who is already infected with it. If you
develop genital warts, try not to feel too upset remember they are very common
and lots of people have them, they are not dangerous and there are many
effective ways of treating them.
You may feel angry with the person you think you caught them from. But in fact that person may not know that he or she had HPV for the following two reasons.
Some people carry HPV, but do not have any warts. In fact 15–40% of people under 40 are carriers of HPV, though it is less common in older people. In most people who carry HPV, it goes away in a year or two.
A man may not know that he has a wart, because it can be hidden inside the urethral opening (pee hole). Similarly, a woman can have a wart on the cervix (that is, deep inside the vagina) that she does not know about.
Where genital warts occur
In women, genital warts usually occur around the opening of the vagina (vulva), but they may occur in the folds of skin alongside the vaginal opening, or between the vagina and the anus, and around the anal opening. The figures (Archives of Dermatology1984;120:472) are as follows:
around the opening of the vagina (vulva) – 66%
in the vagina – 37%
between the vagina and anus – 29%
around the anus – 23%
on the cervix (neck of womb) – 8%
at the opening of the urethra (where the urine comes out) – 4%.
In men, genital warts often occur just under the foreskin, but can be anywhere on the penis, on the scrotum, in the groin or around the anus. The figures (Archives of Dermatology 1984;120:472) are as follows:
on the shaft of the penis – 51%
around the anus – 34%
on the glans (head of the penis) – 10%
inside the hole (opening of the urethra) – 10%
under the foreskin – 8%
between the anus and scrotum – 3%
on the scrotum – 1%.
You may feel angry with the person you think you caught them from. But in fact that person may not know that he or she had HPV for the following two reasons.
Some people carry HPV, but do not have any warts. In fact 15–40% of people under 40 are carriers of HPV, though it is less common in older people. In most people who carry HPV, it goes away in a year or two.
A man may not know that he has a wart, because it can be hidden inside the urethral opening (pee hole). Similarly, a woman can have a wart on the cervix (that is, deep inside the vagina) that she does not know about.
Where genital warts occur
In women, genital warts usually occur around the opening of the vagina (vulva), but they may occur in the folds of skin alongside the vaginal opening, or between the vagina and the anus, and around the anal opening. The figures (Archives of Dermatology1984;120:472) are as follows:
around the opening of the vagina (vulva) – 66%
in the vagina – 37%
between the vagina and anus – 29%
around the anus – 23%
on the cervix (neck of womb) – 8%
at the opening of the urethra (where the urine comes out) – 4%.
In men, genital warts often occur just under the foreskin, but can be anywhere on the penis, on the scrotum, in the groin or around the anus. The figures (Archives of Dermatology 1984;120:472) are as follows:
on the shaft of the penis – 51%
around the anus – 34%
on the glans (head of the penis) – 10%
inside the hole (opening of the urethra) – 10%
under the foreskin – 8%
between the anus and scrotum – 3%
on the scrotum – 1%.
2015年11月10日星期二
What are signs of genital warts in women?
Genital warts are usually flesh-colored growths that may be raised or flat,
single or multiple, small or large. But even after seeing pictures, you may not
be able to recognize genital warts because they don’t always look the same.
Approximately 90% of all genital warts are caused by HPV Types 6 and 11. Approximately 3 out of 4 people will get them after having any kind of genital contact with someone infected.
Genital warts can grow anywhere in the genital area:
In the vagina
Around the vaginal opening
On the cervix (the opening to the womb)
On the groin
In or around the anus
In the mouth or throat (rare)
Genital warts:
Can be any size – from so small they can't be seen, to big clusters and lumps
Can be smooth with a "mosaic" pattern or bumpy like a cauliflower
Are soft, moist and flesh-colored
Can cause itching, burning or pain
Not all HPV infections cause genital warts. HPV infections often do not have any signs that you can see or feel. Some HPV infections can be more serious, seeHPV.
Even if you can't see any genital warts, you could still have an HPV infection.
Diagnosing of Genital Warts
Diagnosing genital warts can be tricky, because people are often too embarrassed to consult their GP. Since genital warts are not always visible to the naked eye, your doctor might have to carry out tests to determine whether you are infected or not or not. If you're worried that you might have genital warts, it is important to get a professional diagnosis as soon as possible. This will preserve both your peace of mind and your health.
If your doctor needs further tests to determine whether you're infected, he may need to perform a biopsy (i.e. take a sample of tissue from the wart or “suspicious” skin area) and send it to a lab for analysis. This will help detect signs of genital or cervical cancers. For people who are considered “at risk” and who have been diagnosed with HPV, it is important to have regular check-ups (including a biopsy) to make sure that everything is fine.
Approximately 90% of all genital warts are caused by HPV Types 6 and 11. Approximately 3 out of 4 people will get them after having any kind of genital contact with someone infected.
Genital warts can grow anywhere in the genital area:
In the vagina
Around the vaginal opening
On the cervix (the opening to the womb)
On the groin
In or around the anus
In the mouth or throat (rare)
Genital warts:
Can be any size – from so small they can't be seen, to big clusters and lumps
Can be smooth with a "mosaic" pattern or bumpy like a cauliflower
Are soft, moist and flesh-colored
Can cause itching, burning or pain
Not all HPV infections cause genital warts. HPV infections often do not have any signs that you can see or feel. Some HPV infections can be more serious, seeHPV.
Even if you can't see any genital warts, you could still have an HPV infection.
Diagnosing of Genital Warts
Diagnosing genital warts can be tricky, because people are often too embarrassed to consult their GP. Since genital warts are not always visible to the naked eye, your doctor might have to carry out tests to determine whether you are infected or not or not. If you're worried that you might have genital warts, it is important to get a professional diagnosis as soon as possible. This will preserve both your peace of mind and your health.
If your doctor needs further tests to determine whether you're infected, he may need to perform a biopsy (i.e. take a sample of tissue from the wart or “suspicious” skin area) and send it to a lab for analysis. This will help detect signs of genital or cervical cancers. For people who are considered “at risk” and who have been diagnosed with HPV, it is important to have regular check-ups (including a biopsy) to make sure that everything is fine.
2015年11月6日星期五
Genital Warts : Causes And Diagnosis
What Causes Genital Warts
Warts are caused by viruses. They are sometimes referred to as ano-genital warts or medically as condyloma acuminata. There is a family of viruses called HPV which produce all kinds of warts in different parts of our skin.
The different subtypes of HPV are given numbers. There are over 100 subtypes of HPV. The majority of anogenital warts are HPV type 6 and 11 and these subtypes are entirely harmless other than giving bumps on the skin.
TThey are sexually transmitted. Skin to skin contact of the genitals and the mouth are the most common way that the virus are passed. There are other subtypes of HPV that increase the risk of cervical cancer. Vaccines to prevent these precancerous infections have recently been introduced.
The incubation period is usually between one month and one year.
The prevalence of genital warts depends on a number of risk factors, but appears to be highest in people between 15-25 years of age. Two thirds of those infections that are detected are in women. The numbers of people with genital warts has increased dramatically over the last 25 years. It is thought that about 15% of the sexually active population are infected and that about 1% have genital warts.
How are genital warts diagnosed
Visual examination of the skin
Most of the time warts are identified by looking for irregularities, lumps, bumps, roughness of the skin, or skin color changes.
Most of the time the diagnosis will be clear to a doctor experienced with this condition.
Applying 5% acetic acid or vinegar to the skin or cervix can highlight irregularities and different skin thicknesses that make it suspicious for warts. This produces white patches in the skin in about five minutes because of the change in surface quality, but is not a change specific for HPV infection.
Biopsy of the skin may be performed if:
The diagnosis is uncertain.
Warts not responding to standard therapy.
The condition worsens during therapy.
The patient's immune system is compromised.
The warts are pigmented, bleeding, ulcerated or firm, a possible sign of precancer.
Warts are caused by viruses. They are sometimes referred to as ano-genital warts or medically as condyloma acuminata. There is a family of viruses called HPV which produce all kinds of warts in different parts of our skin.
The different subtypes of HPV are given numbers. There are over 100 subtypes of HPV. The majority of anogenital warts are HPV type 6 and 11 and these subtypes are entirely harmless other than giving bumps on the skin.
TThey are sexually transmitted. Skin to skin contact of the genitals and the mouth are the most common way that the virus are passed. There are other subtypes of HPV that increase the risk of cervical cancer. Vaccines to prevent these precancerous infections have recently been introduced.
The incubation period is usually between one month and one year.
The prevalence of genital warts depends on a number of risk factors, but appears to be highest in people between 15-25 years of age. Two thirds of those infections that are detected are in women. The numbers of people with genital warts has increased dramatically over the last 25 years. It is thought that about 15% of the sexually active population are infected and that about 1% have genital warts.
How are genital warts diagnosed
Visual examination of the skin
Most of the time warts are identified by looking for irregularities, lumps, bumps, roughness of the skin, or skin color changes.
Most of the time the diagnosis will be clear to a doctor experienced with this condition.
Applying 5% acetic acid or vinegar to the skin or cervix can highlight irregularities and different skin thicknesses that make it suspicious for warts. This produces white patches in the skin in about five minutes because of the change in surface quality, but is not a change specific for HPV infection.
Biopsy of the skin may be performed if:
The diagnosis is uncertain.
Warts not responding to standard therapy.
The condition worsens during therapy.
The patient's immune system is compromised.
The warts are pigmented, bleeding, ulcerated or firm, a possible sign of precancer.
2015年10月15日星期四
Genital Warts : Diagnosis And Treatment
People often feel embarrassed by growths in their genital area and do not see
a doctor. But seeing a dermatologist can provide peace of mind because you can
get a proper diagnosis and treatment.
A dermatologist can diagnose genital warts by examining the warts during an office visit. Sometimes a dermatologist will remove a wart or part of it and send it to a laboratory. This can confirm that a patient has genital warts.
Your physician will perform a physical examination of any areas where you suspect warts may be occurring. Because warts can be deep inside the body for women, your physician may need to perform a pelvic examination as well. Your doctor may apply a mild acidic solution, which helps to make the warts more visible.
A physician can also take a swab of the area to obtain cells from your cervix (Pap smear). These can then be tested for the presence of HPV. Certain types of HPV may cause abnormal results on a Pap smear, which may indicate precancerous changes. If your doctor detects these abnormalities, your doctor may suggest more frequent screenings to monitor these changes.
Your doctor will also ask questions about your health and sexual history. This includes symptoms you have experienced and any times you have engaged in unprotected sex, including oral sex.
If you are concerned you may have contracted a form of HPV known to cause cervical cancer, your physician can perform a DNA test. This determines what strain of HPV you have in your system.
A dermatologist can diagnose genital warts by examining the warts during an office visit. Sometimes a dermatologist will remove a wart or part of it and send it to a laboratory. This can confirm that a patient has genital warts.
Your physician will perform a physical examination of any areas where you suspect warts may be occurring. Because warts can be deep inside the body for women, your physician may need to perform a pelvic examination as well. Your doctor may apply a mild acidic solution, which helps to make the warts more visible.
A physician can also take a swab of the area to obtain cells from your cervix (Pap smear). These can then be tested for the presence of HPV. Certain types of HPV may cause abnormal results on a Pap smear, which may indicate precancerous changes. If your doctor detects these abnormalities, your doctor may suggest more frequent screenings to monitor these changes.
Your doctor will also ask questions about your health and sexual history. This includes symptoms you have experienced and any times you have engaged in unprotected sex, including oral sex.
If you are concerned you may have contracted a form of HPV known to cause cervical cancer, your physician can perform a DNA test. This determines what strain of HPV you have in your system.
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